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Biotinylated proteins are a class of labeled proteins formed by covalently attaching biotin to proteins through chemical or enzymatic methods. The Biotin-Avidin System is a commonly used biological signal amplification system introduced into the field of immunology in the late 1970s, renowned for its high specificity, high sensitivity, and high stability. The affinity constant between biotin and avidin is as high as 10^15 mol/L, which is at least 10,000 times higher than that of antigen-antibody interactions and represents the strongest known non-covalent interaction. This makes biotinylated proteins powerful tools for studying protein-protein interactions and for screening antibodies or small molecule drugs.

Based on their high affinity and signal amplification capacity, biotinylated proteins have been widely applied in various experimental detection platforms, including ELISA, flow cytometry, biopanning, surface plasmon resonance, and biolayer interferometry. Biotinylated proteins play an indispensable role in clinical diagnostics, antibody drug screening, cell therapy target validation, and vaccine development, making them important tools in the field of biomedical research.