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4-Hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) is a reactive aldehyde generated during lipid peroxidation under oxidative stress conditions. It forms covalent adducts with cysteine, histidine, and lysine residues through Michael addition, affecting cellular signaling and stress responses. Accumulation of 4-HNE-protein adducts reflects lipid peroxidation and oxidative damage, which is frequently observed in aging, neurodegenerative diseases and cancer.