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"Chemokines are a class of small proteins with chemotactic activity, serving as the ""navigation system"" of the immune system. By binding to G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) on the surface of target cells, they activate intracellular signals and guide immune cells (such as leukocytes) to migrate directionally along chemokine concentration gradients. Chemokines play a central role in regulating the development, homing, and accumulation of immune cells at sites of inflammation and infection.

Targeted therapies directed against chemokines and their receptors are a current research hotspot. The CCR5 antagonist (e.g., maraviroc) has been approved for the treatment of AIDS, acting by blocking the co-receptor required for viral entry. CXCR4 antagonists are used for stem cell mobilization in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. In addition, inhibitors targeting chemokines such as CXCL8 (IL-8) and CCL2 are in various stages of clinical trials for the treatment of inflammatory diseases (e.g., psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis) and various cancers."