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Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) is the most widely used supplement in cell culture, providing a rich and complex mixture of growth factors, proteins, hormones, lipids, and nutrients essential for supporting cell proliferation, viability, and function across diverse cell lines. Derived from fetal calf blood, it supplies critical components including albumin, transferrin, attachment factors like fibronectin and laminin, as well as signaling molecules such as insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and cytokines. However, its biological origin introduces challenges: batch-to-batch variability can affect reproducibility, and contamination risks—along with ethical concerns regarding sourcing—drive ongoing efforts toward standardized, serum-free alternatives.