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Growth Factors (GFs) are a class of polypeptide signaling molecules that promote cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, and survival. By binding to specific receptors on the surface of target cells, they activate a series of intracellular signaling pathways, thereby regulating cell fate and function. Growth factors are widely present in various human tissues and play crucial roles in physiological processes such as embryonic development, organ formation, tissue repair, and the maintenance of tissue homeostasis.

Clinically, inhibitors of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (e.g., erlotinib) are widely used for the treatment of various cancers, including non-small cell lung cancer and colorectal cancer. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitors (e.g., bevacizumab), which suppress tumor angiogenesis, have become an important therapeutic strategy for various solid tumors. In addition, preparations such as platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) gel are used to promote the repair of chronic, difficult-to-heal wounds.