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Interleukins (ILs) are a group of small proteins secreted by immune cells (e.g., macrophages and T cells) as well as certain non-immune cells. They were originally named for their production by and action on leukocytes. To date, 41 interleukins, ranging from IL-1 to IL-41, have been identified. Acting as “signal messengers” between cells, interleukins play central roles in immune responses, inflammation, and hematopoiesis. Dysregulated expression of interleukins is associated with various diseases, including autoimmune disorders, allergies, infections, and cancers. Hence, interleukins serve as important diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets.