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"Ion channels are a class of transmembrane proteins embedded in cell membranes that form hydrophilic pores allowing ions to flow across the membrane. Unlike ion pumps that consume ATP, ion channels are regulated by ""gating"" mechanisms and do not directly expend energy. Based on their gating mechanisms, ion channels are mainly classified into three major families: voltage-gated channels (responding to membrane potential changes), ligand-gated channels (responding to chemical signals such as neurotransmitters), and mechano-gated channels (responding to mechanical forces). Voltage-gated ion channels mainly include sodium channels, potassium channels, calcium channels, and chloride channels, serving as key regulators of bioelectrical signals. The human genome contains more than 400 genes encoding ion channel subunits, which are expressed in virtually all cell types and participate in nearly all physiological processes, including neurotransmission, muscle contraction, secretion, cell proliferation and differentiation, and volume regulation. Dysfunction of ion channels is closely associated with various human diseases, a class of disorders termed ""channelopathies"". Inherited ion channel mutations can lead to epilepsy, pain, cardiac arrhythmias, stroke, migraine, and other neurological and cardiovascular disorders. It is estimated that approximately 10%-20% of small-molecule drugs in clinical use target ion channels. Ion channel modulators have been successfully developed for the treatment of hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias, anxiety disorders, epilepsy, and chronic pain. Recombinant ion channel proteins serve as indispensable tools in drug screening, target validation, and structure-function studies."

"G protein-coupled receptors constitute the largest family of transmembrane proteins on the cell membrane, characterized by a core structure of seven transmembrane α-helices that couple with heterotrimeric G proteins through their intracellular C-terminus. The human genome contains nearly 800 genes encoding GPCRs, making them one of the largest protein classes in mammals. When extracellular signaling molecules (such as hormones, neurotransmitters, and photons) bind to GPCRs, the receptors undergo conformational changes that activate associated G proteins, thereby initiating downstream signaling cascades and regulating the production of second messengers including cAMP, IP3, and Ca2+. GPCRs participate in nearly all physiological processes, including sensory perception, neurotransmission, immune responses, cell growth, and differentiation. Dysfunction of GPCRs is closely associated with various human diseases, including cancer, inflammatory disorders, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic diseases, and neuropsychiatric disorders. Due to their broad pathological associations, GPCRs are among the most important drug target families. Currently, approximately 30%-40% of marketed drugs exert their therapeutic effects by modulating GPCR activity. Recent studies have also revealed that GPCRs are not only localized on the plasma membrane but also on organelle membranes such as mitochondria, where they participate in regulating energy metabolism and cell survival. Recombinant GPCR proteins serve as indispensable tools in drug screening, antibody development, structure-function studies, and target validation."