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Interleukins (ILs) are a group of small proteins secreted by immune cells (e.g., macrophages and T cells) as well as certain non-immune cells. They were originally named for their production by and action on leukocytes. To date, 41 interleukins, ranging from IL-1 to IL-41, have been identified. Acting as “signal messengers” between cells, interleukins play central roles in immune responses, inflammation, and hematopoiesis. Dysregulated expression of interleukins is associated with various diseases, including autoimmune disorders, allergies, infections, and cancers. Hence, interleukins serve as important diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets.

Growth Factors (GFs) are a class of polypeptide signaling molecules that promote cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, and survival. By binding to specific receptors on the surface of target cells, they activate a series of intracellular signaling pathways, thereby regulating cell fate and function. Growth factors are widely present in various human tissues and play crucial roles in physiological processes such as embryonic development, organ formation, tissue repair, and the maintenance of tissue homeostasis. Clinically, inhibitors of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (e.g., erlotinib) are widely used for the treatment of various cancers, including non-small cell lung cancer and colorectal cancer. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitors (e.g., bevacizumab), which suppress tumor angiogenesis, have become an important therapeutic strategy for various solid tumors. In addition, preparations such as platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) gel are used to promote the repair of chronic, difficult-to-heal wounds.

Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) is a potent pro-inflammatory cytokine primarily secreted by activated macrophages and T lymphocytes. By binding to TNF receptors on the surface of target cells, it activates downstream signaling pathways (such as NF-κB and MAPK), thereby exerting a variety of biological effects. TNF not only directly induces apoptosis of tumor cells but also broadly regulates the activation, proliferation, and differentiation of immune cells, making it a central regulator of the body's inflammatory and immune responses.

"Interferons (IFNs) are a group of key antiviral proteins produced by cells in response to viral infection or other stimuli. They serve as the ""alarm system"" and ""defense weapons"" of the immune system, primarily functioning by inducing surrounding cells to establish an antiviral state. The interferon family is mainly divided into two types: Type I interferons (such as IFN-α and IFN-β), whose main function is antiviral defense; and Type II interferon (IFN-γ), whose main function is immune regulation. Based on their potent antiviral and immunomodulatory functions, interferons have been developed as important biological agents for the treatment of viral diseases (such as chronic hepatitis B and hepatitis C) as well as certain cancers (such as hairy cell leukemia and melanoma)."

"Colony-Stimulating Factors (CSFs) are a class of cytokines that specifically regulate the hematopoietic system. Their name derives from their ability to stimulate bone marrow hematopoietic progenitor cells to form morphologically and functionally distinct cell colonies under in vitro culture conditions. Based on their lineage specificity, CSFs mainly include granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), among others. They serve as indispensable regulatory signals for the production, differentiation, and maturation of blood cells. CSFs have a wide range of clinical applications. Recombinant human G-CSF (e.g., filgrastim) is the standard supportive care therapy for bone marrow suppression following cancer chemotherapy, effectively increasing neutrophil counts and preventing severe infections. It is also used for donor mobilization prior to hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. M-CSF is being investigated for the treatment of bone marrow failure diseases such as aplastic anemia, and has shown potential in the field of cancer immunotherapy."

Neurotrophic Factors (NTFs) are a class of proteins that play a critical supportive role in the survival, growth, differentiation, and synaptic plasticity of neurons. They are primarily produced by the target tissues of neurons (such as muscles and glands). By binding to specific receptors (e.g., Trk receptors) on the neuronal surface, they are retrogradely transported to the cell body and activate downstream signaling pathways, thereby exerting their biological functions. This family is essential for maintaining the normal structure and function of the nervous system. Due to their potent neuroprotective and neurorepair functions, NTFs are a promising target for the development of therapies for neurodegenerative diseases.

In addition to classical cytokines such as interleukins, tumor necrosis factor, and interferons, the body also contains a series of "other cytokines" that possess unique functions and play critical roles in specific physiological or pathological processes. These factors are also secreted by various immune cells or tissue cells and, by binding to their corresponding receptors, regulate cell proliferation, differentiation, survival, and migration. They play an irreplaceable role in processes such as embryonic development, tissue homeostasis, hematopoiesis, neuroprotection, and immune tolerance.

Cytokine and growth factor recommended combinations are scientifically paired synergistic factors to optimize cell culture and immunology research outcomes.

"Chemokines are a class of small proteins with chemotactic activity, serving as the ""navigation system"" of the immune system. By binding to G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) on the surface of target cells, they activate intracellular signals and guide immune cells (such as leukocytes) to migrate directionally along chemokine concentration gradients. Chemokines play a central role in regulating the development, homing, and accumulation of immune cells at sites of inflammation and infection. Targeted therapies directed against chemokines and their receptors are a current research hotspot. The CCR5 antagonist (e.g., maraviroc) has been approved for the treatment of AIDS, acting by blocking the co-receptor required for viral entry. CXCR4 antagonists are used for stem cell mobilization in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. In addition, inhibitors targeting chemokines such as CXCL8 (IL-8) and CCL2 are in various stages of clinical trials for the treatment of inflammatory diseases (e.g., psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis) and various cancers."