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Protein phosphorylation is one of the most abundant and extensively studied post-translational modifications (PTMs). It is a dynamic and reversible process in which protein kinases transfer phosphate groups from ATP to specific amino acid residues, mainly serine (Ser), threonine (Thr), and tyrosine (Tyr). Phosphorylation regulates protein activity, stability, and interactions, and plays essential roles in signal transduction, cell proliferation, cell cycle regulation, and immune response. Dysregulated phosphorylation is closely associated with various human diseases, especially cancer, and serves as an important mechanism for disease research and therapeutic target discovery.